![]() ![]() This hormone stimulates the production of increased estrogen and progesterone during pregnancy and is the hormone detected by all pregnancy tests, whether at home in your urine or in a blood test at the doctor’s office. Go to the Tumor Markers page of the Diagnostic Tests module for more information.Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is a hormone that’s made first by the embryo and then by the placenta. Most useful in small cell carcinoma of the lung and neuroblastoma. Of secondary use in testicular neoplasms elevated level indicates presence of tumor. PLAP ( Placental Alkaline Phosphatase or PL-AP):ĭifferentiates the source of tumor among liver, bone, and germ cell origin non-diagnostic by itself, it helps confirm malignancy in a small number of patients. For Collaborative Stage Site Specific Factor 3 record the clinician's interpretation of the highest value prior to treatment. LDH may be included in a Liver or Hepatic Panel/Profile, a Cardiac Panel, or general metabolic panel of tests. Elevated LDH is an indicator of possible tumor burden, such as metastatic involvement of liver or lung, and is elevated in 60% of patients with nonseminomatous germ cell tumors. LDH5: 5.3% to 13.4% of the total (liver and skeletal muscles).LDH4: 9.2% to 16.5% of the total (liver and skeletal muscles).LDH3: 18.8% to 26% of the total (lungs).LDH2: 29.4% to 37.5% of the total (heart, red blood cells and kidneys).LDH1: 18.1% to 29% of the total (heart, red blood cells and kidneys).The distribution of isoenzymes is as follows: There are five tissue-specific isoenzymes that can be identified and measured. Normal range: total LDH levels range from 48 to 115 IU/ liter. LDH (Lactic Dehydrogenase): a blood chemistry study, usually part of a liver panel, useful in assessing liver and pulmonary disease. * "Pure" seminoma is incompatible with an elevated level of AFP. Use of Tumor Markers for Specific Cell Types of Testicular Cancer However, when beta-HCG does not exist in the serum, the presence of active cancer cannot be excluded, especially in patients who have been previously treated. In patients with testicular cancer who have had an orchiectomy, the presence of beta-HCG will confirm the patient has residual cancer that requires further treatment. For Collaborative Stage Site Specific Factor 2 record the highest value after orchiectomy and prior to other treatment.īeta-HCG is also used as a marker postoperatively to monitor residual tumor and the effectiveness of therapy. Note: Observe the date of the beta-HCG study carefully. Also called: β-HCG, beta-HCG, beta chain HCG. When the presence of β-HCG is detected in serum it always indicates a malignancy. Beta-HCG levels are never found in normal men. Normal range: Adults: < 15 ng/ml.īeta Subunit HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin):Ī serum test used as a tumor marker for testicular carcinoma. Also called: aFP, AFP, alpha-fetoglobulin. Alpha-fetoprotein is also used as a marker postoperatively to monitor residual tumor. For Collaborative Stage Site Specific Factor 1 record the highest value after orchiectomy and prior to other treatment. ![]() Note: Observe the date of an alpha-fetoprotein study carefully. Elevated alpha-fetoprotein levels are not found in other histologies of testicular cancer, although they may be found in patients with hepatocellular cancer. Acknowledgements Tumor Markers Key Informationīoth for differential diagnosis and to monitor when tumor recursĪ serum test used as a tumor marker for teratocarcinoma or embryonal carcinoma of the testis. ![]()
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